Brahmana
Also spelled brahmin or brahman ("possessor of Brahma"), highest
ranking of the four varnas. The study and recitation of the sacred
scriptures and scholarship is traditionally reserved for them.
Brahmanas act as advisors and ministers of ruling chiefs. Their
traditional position is as priests, ministering both in temples and at
domestic rites. The brahmana family priest (purohita) officiates at
weddings, funerals, and other ceremonial occasions.
The ritual purity of the brahmanas is maintained through the
observance of numerous restrictions, many of which relate to diet and
contact with lower castes. Most brahmanas are strictly vegetarian and
must abstain from certain occupations. They may not plow or handle any
impure material, such as leather or hides, but they may farm and do
such agricultural work as does not violate these specific restrictions.
They may also accept employment as domestic servants; many well-to-do
Hindus have brahmana cooks, who are valued because members of all
castes may eat the food that they prepare. (Brittanica CD. Version 97.
Encyclopaedia Brittanica Inc., 1997)
The ritual purity is defined e.g. in Parama samhita 12.29-12.33:
mUtram zukla purISANi zleSma vikreya zonitam
svedo zruNi nakhaH kezA vizravAz ca pRthag vidhAH
These are urine, semen, excretam phlegm, transformed blood, sweat, tears, nails, hair and various others. 12.29
antargatA na doSaya bahiH sthA doSa hetavaH
kAle kAle malAstvete sarveSAM sambhavanti ca
These are not impure when within the body but outside they cause uncleanliness. These impurities arise each in its time in the bodies of all men. 12.30
teSAM zudharmRdA caiva kSAlanAc ca vizodhanam
malAnAm parakIyAnAM sparzane snAnam Acaret
The cleaning of these is by earth and by washing with water. If one should touch dirt thrown out by another's body, he should bathe to clean himself. 12.31
zAva sUtaka samyoge durmanaiz ca samAgame
zukla mokSe vamitvA ca snAnam evAtma zodhanam
Contact with the dead, after-birth confinement pollution, conversation with people in sorrow or mourning, the emission of semen, vomitting; when these occur, the only way to clean oneself is by a bath. 12.32
AtmIyanAM malAnAM ca pracyutAnAM zarIrataH
sparzane snAnam evoktaM sveda bASpAdikam vinA
If one should touch the excrements of one's own body after they have separated from it, a bath is prescribed for gaining purity except in the case of sweat, tears etc. 12.33
This is contrasted with secular, or ordinary purity:
malAnAM kSAlanenApi zuddhir bhavati laukikI
Even by washing out the dirt, secular cleanliness is attained. 12.38
Quotes:
"Brahmanas, ksatriyas, vaisyas and sudras are distinguished by the
qualities born of their own natures in accordance with the material
modes, O chastiser of the enemy." (BG 18.41)
"Peacefulness, self-control, austerity, purity, tolerance, honesty,
knowledge, wisdom and religiousness--these are the natural qualities
by which the brahmanas work." (BG 18.42)
"If the kingly administrative order, being unrestricted in sense
control, offends the brahmana order and enrages them, then the fire of
that rage burns up the whole body of the royal family and brings grief
upon all." (SB 1.7.48)
"Maharaja Yudhisthira, whose enemy was never born, performed his daily
morning duties by praying, offering fire sacrifice to the sun-god, and
offering obeisances, grains, cows, land and gold to the brahmanas. He
then entered the palace to pay respects to the elderly. However, he
could not find his uncles or aunt, the daughter of King Subala." (SB
1.13.31)
"You [the king] are always the protector of the deserving living
beings, such as brahmanas, children, cows, women and the diseased.
Could you not give them protection when they approached you for
shelter?" (SB 1.14.41)
"Suta Gosvami said: O learned brahmanas, Maharaja Pariksit then began
to rule over the world as a great devotee of the Lord under the
instructions of the best of the twice-born brahmanas. He ruled by
those great qualities which were foretold by expert astrologers at the
time of his birth." (SB 1.16.1)
"The brahmanas were not only given well-fed cows in charity, but also
gold, gold coins, bedding, clothing, animal-skin seats, blankets,
horses, elephants, girls and sufficient land for maintenance." (SB
3.3.27)
"Thereafter they offered the brahmanas highly delicious foodstuffs
first offered to the Personality of Godhead and offered their
respectful obeisances by touching their heads to the ground. They
lived perfectly by protecting the cows and the brahmanas." (SB
3.3.28)
"When the doormen of Vaikunthaloka, who were certainly devotees of the
Lord, found that they were going to be cursed by the brahmanas, they
at once became very much afraid and fell down at the feet of the
brahmanas in great anxiety, for a brahmana's curse cannot be
counteracted by any kind of weapon." (SB 3.15.35)
"O Lord, You are the supreme director of the brahminical culture. Your
considering the brahmanas to be in the highest position is Your
example for teaching others. Actually You are the supreme worshipable
Deity, not only for the gods but for the brahmanas also." (SB
3.16.17)
"Manu replied: To expand himself in Vedic knowledge, Lord Brahma, the
personified Veda, from his face created you, the brahmanas, who are
full of austerity, knowledge and mystic power and are averse to sense
gratification." (SB 3.22.2)
"Among human beings, the society which is divided according to quality
and work is best, and in that society, the intelligent men, who are
designated as brahmanas, are best. Among the brahmanas, one who has
studied the Vedas is the best, and among the brahmanas who have
studied the Vedas, one who knows the actual purport of Veda is the
best.
"Better than the brahmana who knows the purpose of the Vedas is he who
can dissipate all doubts, and better than him is one who strictly
follows the brahminical principles. Better than him is one who is
liberated from all material contamination, and better than him is a
pure devotee, who executes devotional service without expectation of
reward." (SB 3.29.31-32)
"The great sages began to think that although a brahmana is peaceful
and impartial because he is equal to everyone, it is still not his
duty to neglect poor humans. By such neglect, a brahmana's spiritual
power diminishes, just as water kept in a cracked pot leaks out." (SB
4.14.41)
"Maharaja Prthu was an unrivaled king and possessed the scepter for
ruling all the seven islands on the surface of the globe. No one could
disobey his irrevocable orders but the saintly persons, the brahmanas
and the descendants of the Supreme Personality of Godhead [the
Vaisnavas]." (SB 4.21.12)
"The brahmanas and Vaisnavas are personally glorified by their
characteristic powers of tolerance, penance, knowledge and education.
By dint of all these spiritual assets, Vaisnavas are more powerful
than royalty. It is therefore advised that the princely order not
exhibit its material prowess before these two communities and should
avoid offending them." (SB 4.21.37)
"By regular service to the brahmanas and Vaisnavas, one can clear the
dirt from his heart and thus enjoy supreme peace and liberation from
material attachment and be satisfied. In this world there is no
fruitive activity superior to serving the brahmana class, for this can
bring pleasure to the demigods, for whom the many sacrifices are
recommended." (SB 4.21.40)
"Although the Supreme Personality of Godhead, Ananta, eats through the
fire sacrifices offered in the names of the different demigods, He
does not take as much pleasure in eating through fire as He does in
accepting offerings through the mouths of learned sages and devotees,
for then He does not leave the association of devotees." (SB
4.21.41)
"In brahminical culture a brahmana's transcendental position is
eternally maintained because the injunctions of the Vedas are accepted
with faith, austerity, scriptural conclusions, full sense and mind
control, and meditation. In this way the real goal of life is
illuminated, just as one's face is fully reflected in a clear mirror."
(SB 4.21.42)
"O respectable personalities present here, I beg the blessings of all
of you that I may perpetually carry on my crown the dust of the lotus
feet of such brahmanas and Vaisnavas until the end of my life. He who
can carry such dust on his head is very soon relieved of all the
reactions which arise from sinful life, and eventually he develops all
good and desirable qualities." (SB 4.21.43)
"Whoever acquires the brahminical qualifications--whose only wealth is
good behavior, who is grateful and who takes shelter of experienced
persons--gets all the opulence of the world. I therefore wish that the
Supreme Personality of Godhead and His associates be pleased with the
brahmana class, with the cows and with me." (SB 4.21.44)
"Any person upon whom the brahmanas and Vaisnavas are pleased can
achieve anything which is very rare to obtain in this world as well as
after death. Not only that, but one also receives the favor of the
auspicious Lord Siva and Lord Visnu, who accompany the brahmanas and
Vaisnavas." (SB 4.22.8)
"The Vedas are My eternal transcendental sound incarnation. Therefore
the Vedas are sabda-brahma. In this world, the brahmanas thoroughly
study all the Vedas, and because they assimilate the Vedic
conclusions, they are also to be considered the Vedas personified. The
brahmanas are situated in the supreme transcendental mode of
nature--sattva-guna. Because of this, they are fixed in mind control
[sama], sense control [dama], and truthfulness [satya]. They describe
the Vedas in their original sense, and out of mercy [anugraha] they
preach the purpose of the Vedas to all conditioned souls. They
practice penance [tapasya] and tolerance [titiksa], and they realize
the position of the living entity and the Supreme Lord [anubhava].
These are the eight qualifications of the brahmanas. Therefore among
all living entities, no one is superior to the brahmanas." (SB
5.5.24)
"I am fully opulent, almighty and superior to Lord Brahma and Indra,
the King of the heavenly planets. I am also the bestower of all
happiness obtained in the heavenly kingdom and by liberation.
Nonetheless, the brahmanas do not seek material comforts from Me. They
are very pure and do not want to possess anything. They simply engage
in My devotional service. What is the need of their asking for
material benefits from anyone else?" (SB 5.5.25)
"In the beginning this brahmana named Ajamila studied all the Vedic
literatures. He was a reservoir of good character, good conduct and
good qualities. Firmly established in executing all the Vedic
injunctions, he was very mild and gentle, and he kept his mind and
senses under control. Furthermore, he was always truthful, he knew how
to chant the Vedic mantras, and he was also very pure. Ajamila was
very respectful to his spiritual master, the fire-god, guests, and the
elderly members of his household. Indeed, he was free from false
prestige. He was upright, benevolent to all living entities, and well
behaved. He would never speak nonsense or envy anyone." (SB
6.1.56-57)
"O exalted governors of various planets, the true brahmana, who has no
material possessions, maintains himself by the profession of accepting
silonchana. In other words, he picks up grains left in the field and
on the ground in the wholesale marketplace. By this means, householder
brahmanas who actually abide by the principles of austerity and
penance maintain themselves and their families and perform all
necessary pious activities. A brahmana who desires to achieve
happiness by gaining wealth through professional priesthood must
certainly have a very low mind. How shall I accept such priesthood?"
(SB 6.7.36)
"When one is envious of the demigods, who represent the Supreme
Personality of Godhead, of the Vedas, which give all knowledge, of the
cows, brahmanas, Vaisnavas and religious principles, and ultimately of
Me, the Supreme Personality of Godhead, he and his civilization will
be vanquished without delay." (SB 7.4.27)
"If a brahmana has all twelve of the brahminical qualifications [as
they are stated in the book called Sanat-sujata] but is not a devotee
and is averse to the lotus feet of the Lord, he is certainly lower
than a devotee who is a dog-eater but who has dedicated
everything--mind, words, activities, wealth and life--to the Supreme
Lord. Such a devotee is better than such a brahmana because the
devotee can purify his whole family, whereas the so-called brahmana in
a position of false prestige cannot purify even himself." (SB
7.9.10)
"As an alternative, a brahmana may also take to the vaisya's
occupational duty of agriculture, cow protection, or trade. He may
depend on that which he has received without begging, he may beg in
the paddy field every day, he may collect paddy left in a field by its
proprietor, or he may collect food grains left here and there in the
shops of grain dealers. These are four means of livelihood that may
also be adopted by brahmanas. Among these four, each of them in
succession is better than the one preceding it." (SB 7.11.16)
"The symptoms of a brahmana are control of the mind, control of the
senses, austerity and penance, cleanliness, satisfaction, forgiveness,
simplicity, knowledge, mercy, truthfulness, and complete surrender to
the Supreme Personality of Godhead." (SB 7.11.21)
"A twice-born brahmana [dvija] gains his life by the grace of his
parents through the process of purification known as garbhadhana.
There are also other processes of purification, until the end of life,
when the funeral ceremony [antyesti-kriya] is performed. Thus in due
course a qualified brahmana becomes uninterested in materialistic
activities and sacrifices, but he offers the sensual sacrifices, in
full knowledge, into the working senses, which are illuminated by the
fire of knowledge." (SB 7.15.52)
"Bali Maharaja has now become extremely powerful because of the
benedictions given him by the brahmanas, but when he later insults the
brahmanas, he will be vanquished, along with his friends and
assistants." (SB 8.15.31)
"For a brahmana, austerity and learning are certainly auspicious, but
when acquired by a person who is not gentle, such austerity and
learning are most dangerous." (SB 9.4.70)
"Maharaja Khatvanga thought: Not even my life is dearer to me than the
brahminical culture and the brahmanas, who are worshiped by my family.
What then is to be said of my kingdom, land, wife, children and
opulence? Nothing is dearer to me than the brahmanas." (SB 9.9.43)
"My dear son, we are all brahmanas and have become worshipable for the
people in general because of our quality of forgiveness. It is because
of this quality that Lord Brahma, the supreme spiritual master of this
universe, has achieved his post. "The duty of a brahmana is to culture
the quality of forgiveness, which is illuminating like the sun. The
Supreme Personality of Godhead, Hari, is pleased with those who are
forgiving." (SB 9.15.39-40)
Related:
Varnasrama
Vedic system
Vaisnavas and Varnasrama
Brahmana and Vaisnava
The Marshmallow Test shows self-control and future life success
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