

S.L.No.    NAME                                  SOURCE

1.         JADDHA                                VISVAKOS
2.         JAGACHANDRA GHOSH                     GVA
3.         JAGADANANDA DASA BABAJI MAHASAYA      GVJ
4.         JAGADANANDA GHOSH                     GVA
5.         JAGADANANDA PANDITA (JAGADANANDA)     GVA,CCU,VISVAKOS
6.         JAGADANANDA THAKURA                   GVA
7.         JAGADANANDA THAKURA                   GVA
8.         JAGADANANDA THAKURA                   GVA
9.         JAGADANANDA THAKURA                   GVA
10.        JAGADEVA PRAMARA                      VISVAKOS
11.        JAGADISA ACARYA                       GVA
12.        JAGADISA DASA BABAJI MAHASAYA         GVJ
13.        JAGADISA BHATTA RAYA                  GVA
14.        JAGADISA BRAHMANA                     GVA
15.        JAGADISA KAVIRAJA                     GVA
16.        JAGADISA MISRA                        GVA
17.        JAGADISA PANDITA                      GVA
18.        JAGADISA PANDITA                      GVA,CCU
19.        JAGADISA RAYA                         GVA
20.        JAGADISVARA                           GVA
21.        JAGADISA TARKALANKARA                 VISVAKOS
22.        JAGADVANDHU BHADRA                    GVA
23.        JAGADVANDHU (PRABHU) SUNDARA          GVA,GVJ
24.        JAGAI                                 GVA,GPC,GVJ,VISVAKOS
25.        JAGAI LEKHAKA                         CCU
26.        JAGAJIVANA MISRA                      GVA,VISVAKOS
27.        JAGADANANDA                           VISVAKOS
28.        JAGAMOHANA                            GVA
29.        JAGANMOHINI                           GVA
30.        JAGANMOHANI SAMPRADAYA                VISVAKOS
31.        JAGANNATHA (MAMU THAKURA)             GVA,CCU
32.        JAGANNATHA                            GVA
33.        JAGANNATHA                            GVA
34.        JAGANNATHA                            GVA
35.        JAGANNATHA                            GVA
36.        JAGANNATHA                            GVA
37.        JAGANNATHA ACARYA                     GVA
38.        JAGANNATHA ACARYA                     GVA
39.        JAGANNATHA CAKRAVARTI                 GVA
40.        JAGANNATHA DASA (SRI GALIM)           GVA,CCU
41.        JAGANNATHA DASA (KASTHAKATA)          GVA,CCU
42.        JAGANNATHA DASA (PATHARA HAJANGA)     GVA
43.        JAGANNATHA DASA                       GVA
44.        JAGANNATHA DASA (ATIVADI JAGANNATHA)  GVA
45.        (ODIYA)JAGANNATHA DASA                GVA
46.        JAGANNATHA DASA                       GVA
47.        JAGANNATHADASA BABAJI SIDDHA          GVJ,GPC
48.        JAGANNATHA DASA BABAJI (VARSANA)      GVJ
49.        JAGANNATHA GHOSH                      GVA
50.        JAGANNATHA GAJAPATI NARAYANA DEVA     VISVAKOS
51.        JAGANNATHA KARA                       GVA,CCU
52.        JAGANNATHA MAHATI                     GVA,CCU
53.        JAGANNATHA MISRA (PURANDARA)          GVA,CCU,VISVAKOS
54.        JAGANNATHA MISRA                      GVA
55.        JAGANNATHA MISRA                      GVA
56.        JAGANNATHA PANDITA                    CCU
57.        JAGANNATHA PADICHA                    GVA
58.        JAGANNATHA PATHAKA                    VISVAKOS
59.        JAGANNATHA PATTANAYAKA                GVA
60.        JAGANNATHA SASTRI                     VISVAKOS
61.        JAGANNATHA SENA                       GVA
62.        JAGANNATHA THANESVARI                 GVA
63.        JAGANNATHA TIRTHA                     GVA,CCU
64.        JAGATA RAYA                           GVA
65.        JAGATA SIMHA                          GVA
66.        JAGATESVARA                           GVA
67.        JAGU                                 GVA
68.        JAHNAVADEVI (MATA)                    GVA,CCU,GPC
69.        JAHNAVA DEVI                          GVA
70.        JAHNAVA DEVI                          GVA
71.        JALADHARA PANDITA                     GVA
72.        JALESVARA                             GVA
73.        JALIA                                 GVA
74.        JANAKI                                GVA
75.        JANAKINATHA                           GVA,CCU
76.        JANAKIVALLABHA CAUDHURI               GVA
77.        JANAKI VISVASA                        GVA
78.        JANAKIRAMA DASA                       GVA
79.        JANMEJAYA MITRA                       GVA
80.        JANANANDA CAUDHURI                    GVA
81.        JANARDANA                             GVA,CCU
82.        JANARDANA DASA                        GVA,CCU
83.        JANARDANA DASA RAYA                   GVA
84.        JANARDANA MISRA                       GVA
85.        JANARDANA MISRA                       GVA
86.        JANARDANA VIPRA                       GVA
87.        JANU RAYA                             GVA
88.        JANGLIPRIYADASI (JANGLI)              GVA,CCU
89.        JAYADEVA                              GVA,VISVAKOS,GPC
90.        JAYADEVA DASA                         GVA
91.        JAYADEVA DASA                         GVA
92.        JAYADURGA DEVI                        GVA
93.        JAYAGOPALA                            GVA
94.        JAYAGOPALA DATTA                      GVA
95.        JAYAGOPALA DASA                       GVA
96.        JAYAGOPALA DASA                       GVA,VISVAKOS
97.        JAYAGOPALA TARKALANKARA               VISVAKOS
98.        JAYAGOVINDA VASU CAUDHURI             GVA
99.        JAYAKRSNA                             VISVAKOS
100.       JAYAKRSNA                             VISVAKOS
101.       JAYAKRSNA                             VISVAKOS
102.       JAYAKRSNA ACARYA                      GVA
103.       JAYAKRSNADASA BABAJI                  GVJ
104.       JAYARAMA                              VISVAKOS
105.       JAYARAMA                              VISVAKOS
106.       JAYARAMA CAKRAVARTI                   GVA
107.       JAYARAMA CAKRAVARTI                   GVA
108.       JAYARAMA CAUDHURI                     GVA
109.       JAYARAMA DASA                         GVA
110.       JAYARAMA TARKALANKARA                 VISVAKOS
111.       JAYARAMA TARKAVAGISA                  VISVAKOS
112.       JAYATIRTHA                            VISVAKOS
113.       JHADU THAKURA                         GVA
114.       JITA MITRA                            GVA,CCU
115.       JIODA NRSIMHA BARAT                   GVJ
116.       JIVA (JIVA PANDITA)                   GVA
117.       JIVA DASA                             GVA
118.       JIVA GOSVAMI                          GVA,CCU,VISVAKOS
119.       JIVANA                                GVA
120.       JIVANA CAKRAVARTI                     GVA
121.       JNANADASA                             GVA,VISVAKOS
122.       JNANADEVA                             VISVAKOS
123.       JNANAVALLABHA DASA                    GVA


1. JADDHA:

 A resident of Gauda, Jaddha was a scholar in Sanskrit. Around the later part of the tenth century, Jaddha worked as a clerk under the ruler of the Bhota Estate.  (Visvakos p.623)

2. JAGACHANDRA GHOSH:

 He was born in 1775 AD. (Nov-Dec) at Panchthupi village in the district of Mursidavad.  He became proficient in both Bengali and Persian languages.  He regularly practiced his daily prescribed prayers, chanted japa, performed tapasya, and studied th
e CC. and other holy Vaisnava books.  Financial difficulties forced him to take a job as a Munsi for a short period, but even then he attended to his daily rituals without fail.  He had great faith in prasada and would not discard any part of it.  He
 would chew on even the stone of a hog-plum or chilies if it was given to him as prasada.

 He was also very fond of chanting the holy name.  Once, while on his way to see his critically ill son, he came across a group of kirtaniyas chanting Harinama.  Forgetting all about his sick son, Jagacchandra joined the group to take part in the kir
tana.  He was so particular about his religious practices that he left home on the night of his daughter's marriage in order to observe the vow of Harivasara in a neighboring village and returned home the next morning.

 In 1853 AD. he went to Vrndavana where he accepted vekasrita under Krsnadasa babaji and came to be known as Jayakrsna dasa.  He lived in Vrndavana for twenty years sustaining himself on madhukari.  When, due to old age, he was no longer able to go o
ut on madhukari he received his prasada at Madhumangalakunja, where he was addressed as "Budababa". He passed away in 1871 AD.

3. JAGADANANDA DASA BABAJI MAHASAYA:

 It is likely that he was born in a brahmana family in the district of Faridpur (Bangladesh).  At the age of 18 or 19 years he received bheka from Bhagavandasa Babaji, the mahanta of an akhada in the village of Samadia in the same district. Although
the extent of his education is unknown, it has been said that a pandita like him had no equal in the Vaisnava community during that time.

 It is generally seen that the mannerisms and customs of those devotees who derive their pleasure from the study and discussion of sastra are distinctly different from those devotees who prefer their bhajan sessions.  Despite being closely associated
 with Siddha Jayakrsna baba of Kamyavana, Siddha Krsnadasa baba of Govardhana and Siddha Madhusudana baba of Surya-kunda, Jagadananda never felt any inner attraction towards the bhava manifested by those holy persons. On many occasions, during discou
rses with Siddha baba of Govardhana, Jagadananda would enter into mock-quarrels with the former.  After Krsnadasa Babaji passed away, Jagadananda once said that the extent of satisfaction he had derived in the course of mock-quarrels with Krsnadasa B
abaji was no longer available even through `ista-gosthi' with others.

 Jagadananda was very particular about the observance of virtuous practices.  Once an Acarya-descendant arrived at his place from Gaudamandala to listen to Harikatha. Both of them remained engrossed in Harikatha from the evening right through till th
e following morning without a wink of sleep.

 On one occasion during his visit to Vraja, Bada prabhu of Katoa, a resident of Uththali of Dacca (Bangladesh) and a descendant of Advaita Prabhu, went to meet Jagadananda along with a female attendant.  Jagadananda invited Bada prabhu into his kutir
 which was adjacent to the samaj of Raghunatha dasa Gosvami.  Bada, however, preferred to remain outside saying, "I am a worshiper of Lord Krsna, yet I do not consider myself worthy of entering into your kutir because I have not been able to control
my passions."  After some conversation with Bada prabhu and having noticed his humble disposition, Jagadananda said, "Anyone who followed Bada prabhu's practices would invite disaster upon himself, at the same time if anyone attempted to criticize hi
m, he would be equally ruined."

 Prior to staying at Radha-kunda, Jagadananda lived at Surya-kunda for sometime.  One moonlit evening he left Radha-kunda and began walking towards Surya-kunda.  Although he followed the correct path, it was dawn before he reached Surya-kunda.  The S
iddha baba of Surya-kunda was surprised to meet him at that unusual hour and enquired, "Where are you coming from at this time of the morning.?  Jagadananda replied that he had left Radha-kunda the previous evening.  Afterwards both of them sat down
and discussed the extraordinary phenomena of Vrajamandala's contraction and expansion.

 Many persons studied sastra under Jagadananda pandita. Advaita dasa pandita, who was a professor of Harinamamrta Vyakarana and also a famous singer of the Garanhata style  of kirtana introduced by Narottama Thakura, happened to be a student of this
Jagadananda pandita.  (The information on the life of Jagadananda dasa Babaji, as depicted above, has been collected by the author directly from the above noted Advaita dasa pandita.)

4. JAGADANANDA GHOSH:

He was a Vaisnava padakarta.

5. JAGADANANDA PANDITA (JAGADANANDA-Caitanya-sakha):

 Pandita Jagadananda was an intimate devotee and kirtana associate of Lord Caitanya.  He was Satyabhama in his past incarnation.  He served Lord Caitanya at Puridhama.  (CC. 1.10.21; 3.12.106,116-118,120; 3.13.14,15,23,56,57; 3.12.153; 3.4.141,157-15
8,163,196-197).  He composed sloka no. 271 included within Padyavali (CCU and Visvakos p.554)

6. JAGADANANDA THAKURA:

 By caste a vaidya, Jagadananda was a Padakarta.  He was born sometime between 1698-1708 AD. in the family of Mukunda Sarkara of Srikhanda, who was an intimate devotee of Lord Caitanya.  His father's name was Nityananda and his grandfather was Parama
nanda.  Jagadananda was the second of four brothers named Sarvananda, Krsnananda and Saccidananda. His paternal residence was at Srikhanda but he lived for sometime at Agaradihi Daksinkhanda near the Ondal railway station.  He passed away on the 5th
of Asvin (Sept-Oct) in 1780 AD. at Jofflai village in Birbhum district where he had shifted from Daksikhanda.  Jagadananda installed the Deity of Lord Gauranga at Jofflai.  The Deity of Gopinathajiu (without Sri Radha) is also installed in the temple
.

 He was a hospitable person who served visitors daily at his place.  It is said (GVA) that once some sadhu visitors from a western state arrived at Jagadananda's place tired and thirsty from their long journey.  They were eager to drink water from a
well which had been constructed by a brahmana. However, at that time there was no such well in Jofflai village.  Remembering the name of Lord Gauranga, Jagadananda quickly dug into the earth with an iron rod and water instantaneously surged forth fro
m the earth forming a spring. This water was offered to the sadhu visitors to quench their thirst.  The reservoir formed from the spring water was called Gaurangera Sayera.

 Jagadananda stayed at Amalala Sunuri village which was owned by the ruler of Pancakota state.  There was an island at the center of a sarovara in Sunuri where Jagadananda used to go regularly to practice Harinama.  In order to reach that island he l
iterally walked across the water with his pair of wooden sandals on.  Having witnessed this miraculous feat, the king of Pancakota was so impressed that in the presence of his associates he offered the title of the village Amalala Sunuri to Jagadanan
da.  Later Jagadananda installed the Deity of Lord Gauranga at that village.  The sevaits of the Deity are still enjoying the revenue accrued from the village.

 Kalidasa Natha and Dhirananda Thakura published verses composed by Jagadananda in a book entitled Jagadanandera Padavali.  He was also the translator of Gitagovinda (Burdwan Sahitayasabhara Manuscript 185) and the author of Citrapada-Kavya. (See Gau
rapadatarangini p.p.10)

7. JAGADANANDA THAKURA:

 He wrote the book entitled Vamsililamrta which is a biography of his guru Vamsivadana dasa from Kulia.

8. JAGADANANDA THAKURA:

 He was the fourth generation descendant of Panua Gopala of Mangaladihi village in the district of Birbhum. He wrote a book of verses entitled Syamacandrodaya which includes several kirtana padas as well as poetry composed in Bengali meter.

9. JAGADANANDA THAKURA:

 He was born in the family line of Srinivasa Acarya. Jagadananda had six sons; Yadavendu, Radhamohana, Bhuvanamohana, Gauramohana, Syamasundara, and Madanamohana.

10. JAGADEVA PRAMARA:

 According to Bhaktamala, Jagadeva was an exalted Vaisnava devotee who was reputed for his honesty.  The princess of the state where Jagadeva lived became charmed upon hearing about his exemplary character and decided she wanted to marry him. The Kin
g approved of his daughter's proposal and invited Jagadeva to his palace and treated him cordially.  However, Jagadeva, who was averse to worldly pleasures, did not agree to the proposal of marriage.  The princess then took a vow not to marry any per
son other than Jagadeva.  In the midst of this dilemma, the King decided to try to entice Jagadeva and thus arranged for an exquisitely talented professional artist to sing Harinama.  Hearing the beautiful recitation of the Lord's glories, Jagadeva w
as so overwhelmed that he cut off his own head and presented it to the artist in token of appreciation. The grief-stricken princess then placed the detached head of Jagadeva on a gold platter and watched it intently.  It is said (Visvakos) that Jagad
eva's face, which was being watched by the princess turned upside down, as if to keep his vow against marriage.  Despite  continued efforts the princess failed to keep the head facing her.  Finally she placed the head in its original position  on  th
e body of Jagadeva and he again came to life.  Seeing the Vaisnava sentiments and sincerity of prayers of the princess, Jagadeva finally consented to marry her.  Jagadeva remained in family life for sometime but later renounced home. (Bhaktamala)

11. JAGADISA ACARYA:

 He was a disciple of Isvari Devi, wife of Srinivasa Acarya Thakura. (Karnananda 2)

12. JAGADISA DASA BABAJI MAHASAYA:

 Jagadisa, who was born in a high caste brahmana family, was a tall handsome person of fair complexion.  He grew up to be a physician with a good practice in Kalna.  One of his relatives was a pleader of Burdwan.  Jagadisa received diksa from Siddha
Bhagavan dasa babaji, who preached the "practice of Harinama and cultivation of bhakti bhava."  Perhaps, Jagadisa was attracted to Siddha baba for his characteristics rather than his lila katha.  During the final days of his life Siddha baba called J
agadisa and asked him to note down some nama and those very names became Jagadisa's Guru-pranali.

 Jagadisa baba lived for a long time along with other Vaisnava devotees near the old temple of Madanamohana in Vrndavana.  By the grace of Siddha baba, Jagadisa achieved the desired method of bhajan through studying books and satsanga. He sustained h
imself exclusively by doing madhukari.  Once Jagadisa went to Varsana at the time when the disciples of Siddha Nityananda dasa babaji, Jagadananda babaji and Madhavadasa babaji were staying there.  Observing the lustrous appearance of Jagadisa, Jagad
ananda thought that it would be nice if Jagadisa would stay in Varsana and practice his bhajan there.  Jagadananda expressed his idea to Madhavadasa and requested him to approach Jagadisa baba and say, "You have stayed in Vrndavana for so long, why d
on't you stay here now and continue your bhajan in Varsana?"

 Madhavadasa, being younger in age replied, "He is such an aged holy Vaisnava, how can I say such things to him?" However, after some persuasion Madhavadasa approached Jagadisa babaji.  Pointing to Jagadananda he said, "This babaji mahasaya says that
 you have practiced bhajan for so long at Vrndavana, kindly stay and do you bhajan at this village of Vraja."  Jagadisa replied, "No baba, I shall have to go to Vrndavana as I may be attacked by some serious illness again. It is better that I continu
e staying in Vrndavana." Jagadananda did not appreciate the significance of Jagadisa's comment at that time, but after a short while, he himself became seriously ill.  He had no strength to go for madhukari and thus was forced to go to Vrndavana.  Al
though Madhava dasa cooked rice for Jagadananda, later Jagadananda breathed his last while loudly chanting the holy name.

 Afterwards Jagadisa baba went to live in a small kutir at Kaliyadaha.  Although he went out for madhukari, he gave up the intake of salt.  Jagadisa felt it to troublesome to go to a barber, but since he felt that a Vaisnava should not grow long hair
 or beard he kept a pair of scissors with him and cropped his own beard and hair.

 While performing his routine madhukari, he visited the gadi of Nityananda Prabhu at Sringarbata practically every-day.  He had a close relation of priti and bhakti with Premananda Gosvamipada, the chief of the said gadi.  At times when Jagadisa baba
 felt sad due to lack of spontaneous desire to engage in bhajan, Premananda would advise Jagadisa to leave his madhukari bag and go to roll in the dust of Sringarvata on the bank of the Jamuna, the place which was used by numerous devotees in the cou
rse of their parikrama as they passed by the "Mahaprabhu prangana."  The touch of the earth at that spot would revive his desire for performing bhajan.  After Prabhupada Premananda passed away 15-20 years later, Jagadisa would go to his samadhi in th
e company of Madhava dasa and revive his devotion by rolling in the dust of that holy place.

 In the course of his conversation, Jagadisa baba was always very careful that he did not hurt anyone's feelings. As a general rule Jagadisa tried to avoid going to places lest he would offend someone there.  Once his younger brother, who had just lo
st his wife, came to visit Jagadisa in Vrndavana. Jagadisa told his brother, "What has happened is for your future benefit.  Now that you are free from worldly attachments, let us two brothers practice bhajan together." Since his brother did not retu
rn to see him for the next few days Jagadisa thought that he must have disliked the advice he had given him.  However, after corresponding with a pleader of Burdwan he found out that his brother had not met him before leaving Vrndavana only because h
e did not want to disturb Jagadisa during his practice of bhajan.

 While discussing bhakti siddhanta, Jagadisa would say that his own guru Siddha Bhagavan babaji had not preached raganuga bhakti, which he himself was doing then.  He advised as follows:

 To make one's handwriting perfect one has to practice writing letters and words over and over, similarly for lila-smaranam, one should follow the footsteps of experts and experienced Vaisnavas."  He did not advocate memorizing smarana from books, on
 the contrary suggested that one should keep the book handy and refer to it if necessary.  Smarana does not mean simply the reading of books.

 One day a visitor came to meet Jagadisa.  When he mentioned that he intended to stay in Vrndavana for three days, Jagadisa warned him not to commit any aparadha to even the ants and mosquitos of Vraja.

 Once Jagadisa, in his ripe old age, felt a desire to perform Vaisnava-seva.  Thus on the occasion of the disappearance day of Siddha Bhagavandasa babaji a wealthy devotee named Kinubabu offered forty rupees to Jagadisa to fulfil his desire for Vaisn
ava seva.  Jagadisa went out and bought twenty rupees worth of molasses in several jute bags for preparing malpura (saucer shaped sweetmeat made of rice powder and molasses).

 He left the bags inside his bhajan kutir and went out to the well to wash his feet, forgetting to lock the room. Meanwhile a group of monkeys entered the room and happily consumed all the molasses.  Seeing the monkeys, Jagadisa felt prema-bhava and
was naturally very happy.  After the monkeys left Jagadisa offered his dandavata pranam to them and then later in the evening sat down for his routine bhajan session. Kinubabu, along with other devotees arrived as usual but not finding even a grain o
f prasada looked inquiringly at Jagadisa babaji, who smiled and said, "I bought twenty rupees worth of molasses but it has been consumed by the monkey Vaisnavas of Vraja.  Go and see if you can find some left over molasses in those bags."  Saying thi
s he returned the balance twenty rupees to Kinubabu and requested him to use the money for doing Vaisnava seva.

 On another occasion Jagadisa babaji had a desire to dig a large pond at Kaliyadaha, in honor of the Lord's transcendental pastimes there.  Immediately, Jagadisa baba expressed this desire to the great devote Kamini Kumara Ghosh, the manager of Rajar
shi Bahadur.  From Kaminibabu through word of mouth this desire of Jagadisa baba spread among the women residents of Vrndavana.  The next day one widow belonging to the family of Lalababu volunteered to donate Rs. 75,000; the king of Hetampur promise
d to denote Rs. 25,000; and Rajarshi Bahadur committed himself to take responsibility for the rest. An estimate was prepared in consultation with Jagadisa baba and they planned to plaster the pond with decorative stones.

 That night, because Siddha baba was absorbed in thoughts of the project he was unable to concentrate on his bhajan.  He became so upset by his lack of absorbtion that he quietly escaped into the forest without informing anyone.  He could not be trac
ed after a search continued for four-five days when he suddenly arrived at his bhajan kutir on his own.  Jagadisa baba explained that he had spent those days in solitude doing bhajan in the forest.  When his permission was sought for the proposed dig
ging of the pond, Jagadisa baba gravely replied as follows:  "If anyone wishes to carry out my desire in practice let him do so after my death.  Harassed by this desire I have failed to concentrate on my bhajan.  If the work starts now then I shall b
e totally ruined.  But if the work is begun after my disappearance, then my death will cause great bliss. Hence I strictly forbid you to question me further on this subject."

 Occasionally Jagadisa baba would place questions in gosthi-sessions then would immediately give the answer. Afterwards he said, "Your answer to this question may prompt me to dispute your arguments, thus I am presenting my answer first.  Now you are
 all at liberty to argue in the manner which you like."  A discussion would then follow.

 One day Jagadisa baba said to Rajarshi Banamali Raya, "The sastra states that a mortal being who has renounced everything should live in Vrndavana which is the site of the eternal rasalila.  Rajarshi Bahadur, since you have not renounced everything,
 why do you choose to stay here?" Rajarshi Bahadur was speechless.  Shortly thereafter Jagadisa baba explained, "You have been brought here to serve those who live at Vraja and practice bhajan renouncing everything." From that time Rajarshi Bahadur b
egan to spend abundantly to serve the Vrajavasi's.

 Once a pilgrim asked Jagadisa baba, "Kindly advise me how I can acquire more premabhakti?"  Jagadisa answered with a question; "Can you come to stay in Vraja?"  When the devotee said he was unable to do so, Jagadisa baba advised him as follows:  "In
 that case you should spend two annas to buy the book entitled Prarthana O Premabhakticandrika by Narottama Thakura, study it constantly, follow it in practice and you will develop premabhakti."

 Later this devotee wrote several letters to Jagadisa baba seeking his advice.  Jagadisa disliked corresponding but lest the devotee feel hurt he sent a reply with specific instructions not to write again in the future.  The devotee wrote once again
stating as follows:  "Babaji Mahasaya!  I have troubled you considerably but I shall not bother you anymore.  Only please tell me briefly how I can develop premabhakti."  Jagadisa baba replied, "You can attain premabhakti only when you have attained
that state of mind in which you have no desire for anything other than premabhakti. The devotee wrote no more letters.

 Jagadisa baba preached as follows:  "The Supreme Lord incarnated on earth, preached namaprema and said, "Trnadapi sunicena tarorapi sahisnuna.  Amanina manadena kirtanyah sada harih."  Hence as long as you are unable to move as directed in this slok
a, till then you shall never attain prema. You shall be close to premabhakti exactly in proportion to how much you are able to practice the idea which this sloka contains.  The day you shall fully practice this sloka you shall surely attain premabhak
ti and will be entitled to receive the supreme grace of Krsna-saksatkara."  To almost everyone, Jagadisa baba preached this verse, "Considering oneself unworthy and completely fallen is the source from which springs prema and all perfection.

 When someone criticized another or found fault with others Jagadisa baba taught them lessons by telling a story about Siddha Bhagavandasa babaji;  Once a devotee told Bhagavan dasa: "That devotee of yours speak here in your presence yet still he has
 not given up eating fish."  Siddha baba replied, "You too must have eaten fish at some time in the past."  The devotee said, "I did, sir, but now I have given it up."  Siddha baba said, "Like you, this devotee too will give up eating fish one day."
 In this way Jagadisa baba pointed out that it was not wise to criticize others; mortal beings improve slowly.

 At Kaliyadaha in 1322 (1915 AD.) Jagadisa baba passed away at the age of 100 years.

13. JAGADISA BHATTA RAYA:

 He was one of the Causatti (64) mahantas. (Caitanyasamhita p. 16, by Bhagiratha dasa {Vandhu}.)

14. JAGADISA BRAHMANA:

 He was a disciple of Srinivasa Acarya and his Sripata was at Kancangaria.  His father's name was Sridasa Thakura.

15. JAGADISA KAVIRAJA:

 He was a disciple of Hemalata devi, daughter of Srinivasa Acarya. His brother was named Radhavallabha Kaviraja.

16. JAGADISA MISRA:

 (Advaita sakha) He was the sixth son of Advaita Prabhu. According to Advaitaprakasa 15 and Premavilasa 24, Svarupa and Jagadisa were twins born of Sita devi in the month of Jaistha in 1508 AD.  However, there is some discrepancy about the year of hi
s birth as it is stated in CBh. 3.4.153 that Achyutananda, the son of Advaita Prabhu, was born sometime between 1504 and 1505 AD.  Achyutananda was five years old when he became angry after hearing Advaita Prabhu's statement regarding Lord Caitanya's
 guru, and thus spoke on Caitanya-tattva.  This took place sometime between 1509 and 1510 AD. After Achyutananda, three other sons were born of Sita devi, thereafter Svarupa and Jagadisa were born. It is therefore impossible that Jagadisa could have
been born in 1508 AD.

17. JAGADISA PANDITA:

 (Caitanya-sakha) Jagadisa and his brother, Hiranya pandita, were residents of Navadvipa.  In both of their houses Lord Caitanya begged offerings of food which were meant for Lord Visnu and ate them personally on an Ekadasi day (CC. 1.10.70-71).  He
was Yajnapatni in his past incarnation. (Gauraganoddesadipika 192)

18. JAGADISA PANDITA:

 (Nityananda-sakha)His father was named Kamalaksa and his grandfather, Bhatta Narayana.  His Sripata is at Yasada village in the district of Nadia near the Cakdaha railway station.  Deities of Lord Jagannatha and Lord Gauranga, established by Jagadis
a, are still in existence at his Sripata.  He was Candrahansa in his past incarnation (CC. 1.11.30; Gauraganoddesadipika 153; Sripataparyatana).  Further details may be found in Jagadisacaritra.

19. JAGADISA RAYA:

 He was a disciple of Narottama Thakura. (Premavilasa 20)

20. JAGADISVARA:

 A disciple of Syamananda prabhu, his Sripata was at Balarampur (Premavilasa 20).

21. JAGADISA TARKALANKARA:

 Jagadisa descended in the family-line of Sanatana Misra, the father-in-law of Lord Caitanya.  His father's name was Yadavacandra Vidyavagisa.  The family lived at Navadvipa. Jagadisa was a renowned Nyaiyaika and wrote a tika of the book Didhiti. (Vi
svakos Vol. VI, p.555)

22. JAGADVANDHU BHADRA:

 He was born in a village called Panakunda in the district of Dacca (Bangladesh) in 1841 AD.  His book of verses entitled Gaurapadatarngini, comprising 1517 padas on Lord Gauranga, was published in 1903 AD.  He was a talented composer of humorous poe
tical verses.  In fact he composed a book of poetry entitled Chuchundari Vadha imitating the famous Meghanada Vadha of Michael Madhusudana Datta, which received appreciation from Madhusudana himself.

23. JAGADVANDHU SUNDARA (PRABHU):

 Jagadvandhu prabhu was born of Dinanatha Nyayaratna and Bamasundari on Sitanavami tithi on 17th Vaisaka (Apr-May) in 1871 AD. in the village of Dahapada on the bank of the Ganges in the district of Mursidavad.  He was extremely handsome and possesse
d all rare auspicious qualities which made him adored by all.  He was fond of Harinama from his childhood.  He lost his mother at the age of one year and his father died when he was only seven years old.  He was then brought up by his late father's e
lder brother, Bhairava Cakravarti, in Faridpur (Bangladesh).  He received his primary education in Banga Vidyalaya and Faridpur district school.  He strictly observed the practices of trisandhya snana, ahnika, sanyama and brahmacharya throughout his
life.  Jagadbandhu was always averse to bhoga-vilasa; he was soft spoken and had an appearance of udasina-bhava.  He preferred a simple life of solitude.

 From Faridpur district school he went to study at Ranchi school and finally went to Pabna district school (Bangladesh), where he studied up to the entrance examination standard. During this period, Jagadvandhu went to see open air drama performances
's depicting the pastimes of Prahlada and Dhruva. While watching the play he became so engrossed that he became completely oblivious to his surroundings.  He spent long hours in udasina bhava at Kalikadamvatala and at the temple of goddess Jayakali.
 At that time symptoms of svattika-vikara became evident in him, particularly during his participation in Harinama kirtana.  Through his preaching and Harinama he reformed many persons of bad character.  Yet a group of people attacked him viciously a
nd even tortured him.  On the other hand, many respected people, being attracted by Jagadvandhu's spirited personality and bhava-vesa, began to join him as his followers.

 From Pabna Jagadbandhu went to Vrndavana and then returned via Calcutta to Brahmankanda in Faridpur.

 Sometimes he wore a necklace of rosary using a wire of gold and at other times he would wear a Tulasi-mala.  He wore a pair of rubber sandals and kept his body fully covered in public.

 He founded a kirtana-sampradaya in Brahmankanda.  Later he went to Navadvipa with his devotees where they performed kirtana recitals using verses from Padavali composed by himself.

 After the Sriangana of Bakcara was constructed in 1889 AD. Jagadvandhu stayed there for sometime and delivered many people.  While at Brahmankanda, Jagadbandhu organized a nagara sankirtana every year in which devotees of seven sampradaya's would pa
rticipate to the accompaniment of fourteen madalas (a kind of instrument played by Santhas). There would also be regular kirtana procession through the village thorughout the day and night.  When Goalchamat angana was established in Faridpur in 1899
AD., Jagadvandhu's miraculous power and Harinama performance inspired people of all communities, regardless of caste or creed.  In fact he named a low-caste sardar named Rajani Bagdi as "Haridasa Pasa (mahanta)" and his group became a Mahanta samprad
aya.  With the help of this group even people of wild tribes living in Jessore and Khulna (Bangladesh) were converted into devotees.

 In Calcutta he uplifted the people of the low caste Doma community living near Chasadhopapada and Ramabagana areas and gave them the right to participate in Harinama kirtana. Pratapa Bhaumika, Ramesa Cakravarti, Radhika Gupta, Atula Campati, Jayanit
ai (Devena Cakravarti), Taraka Genguli of Koaghat, Dr. Usha Majumdar and Navadvipa dasa were the foremost amongst his devotees.

 In his lifetime Jagadbandhu practiced the most difficult sadhana.  Sometimes he toured several places within the country and abroad while totally abstaining from speech (mauni). He lived at Goalchamat for 16 years; from 1902 to 1918 AD.  He also liv
ed for a considerable time at a place which was totally devoid of sunlight and observed mauna.

He passed away on the first day of Asvina (Oct-Nov) in 1931 AD.

Books composed by Jagadbandhu are as follows:

1.  Candrapata
2.  Harikatha
3.  Srimati-Sankirtana
4.  Sri Sri Namasankirtana
5.  Vividha Sangita
6.  Padavali
7.  Trikalagrantha

24. JAGAI:

 (Caitanya sakha) His real name was Jagannatha.  He was Jaya, a Vaikuntha-parsada, in his past incarnation.

 Subhananda Raya, a kulina brahmana, was a Zemindar of Navadvipa.  He had two sons; the eldest was named Raghunatha Raya and the younger one was Janardana Raya.  Jagai was the son of Raghunatha and Janardana's son was named Madhai.  The cousin brothe
rs, Jagai and Madhai, had a house in Navadvipa and worked as kotwals under the Muslim ruler. Jagai and Madhai led a very sinful life.  They not only consumed wine and meat, but also committed acts of theft, and even forcibly enjoyed other mens wives.
  During the famous Sankirtana-lila of Navadvipa led by Lord Gauranga, Jagai and Madhai were approached by Nityananda Prabhu and requested to chant the holy name.  Madhai became so angry that he hit Nityananda Prabhu on the head with a broken pitcher
.  However, by the grace of the ever merciful Nityananda Prabhu, Jagai and Madhai became great devotees of Lord Gauranga.

J. 25. JAGAI LEKHAKA:

 For details see Jayananda's Caitanyamangala p.47.

J. 26. JAGAJIVANA MISRA:

 He belonged to the family of Paramananda Misra, the elder brother of Jagannatha Misra, Lord Caitanya's father.

 Jagajivana's book entitled Manoh-Santosani is a translation of Pradyumna Misra's Sri Krsnacaitanyadayavali.

J. 27. JAGADANANDA:

 He was a padakarta.  Some of his compositions have been included in Padyavali (Visvakos Vol. VI p.554).

J. 28. JAGAMOHANA:

 He was a padakarta. Two padas composed by Jagamohana have been included in Padakalpataru.

J. 29. JAGANMOHINI:

 Also known as "Tukka", Jaganmohini was the daughter of Prataparudradeva.  It is said (GVA) that Raja Krsnadeva Raya of Vijaya-nagara attacked the estates of Prataparudra several times and forcefully took possession of some parts of Prataparudra's es
tate.  Later Prataparudra made a treaty giving his daughter, Jaganmohini, in marriage to Krsnadeva along with the occupied territory as a dowry.

 On account of the ill-behavior of Krsnadeva, she left her husbands residence and went to live quietly at another place called Kamvam.  Jaganmohini composed five slokas in Sanskrit entitled Tukka-Panchakam.

J. 30. JAGANMOHANI SAMPRADAYA:

 During the time when Bengal was under the occupation of Muslim rulers, one Ramakrsna Gosvami is said to have founded this sampradaya in the eastern part of Bengal (Bangladesh). However, according to some members of this sampradaya, Jaganmohana Gosva
mi established the custom of worship followed by the devotees of this sampradaya long before the arrival of Ramakrsna.  Thus the sampradaya derived it name.  It is said (Visvakos) that Jaganmohana accepted bheka under the guidance of an Odiya Vaisnav
a of the Ramanandi sect.  The disciple-line of Jaganmohana is as follows:

              Jaganmohana Gosvami
                       |
                Govinda Gosvami
                       |
                Santa Gosvami
                       |
               Ramakrsna Gosvami

 Admittedly, this sampradaya-cult received greater impetus during Ramakrsna's period.  Approximately five thousand devotees are members of this sampradaya.  There are several Akhras affiliated to this sampradaya and the chief of these is called "Maha
nta".

 Disciples, upon fulfillment of their respective objectives, give contributions.  These funds are used for the routine maintenance and other expenses of the Akhras.

 The devotees of this cult, worship only "Nirguna" and not any god or goddess.  To them, the guru is the personality of Godhead and the rescuer.  At the time of diksa, they utter the words "Guru-satya", accepting the guru as God incarnate.  They then
 receive Brahmanama and perform their prayers accordingly. There are books related to this sampradaya.  They recite some dharma-sangita during rituals, which are called Nirvana-sangita.  One such sangita is quoted below verbatim:

Sadhure bhai, Purnabrahma Guru kemana bhave pai;
     Chadiya sakala maya, Prabhura paday lao chaya;
 Antakalay ara laksa nai.

 The members of this sampradaya, like others, are partly grihis and partly udasinas, however, grihi's constitute the majority. (Visvakos Vol. VI p.603-604)

31. JAGANNATHA (JAGANNATHA DVIJA CAKRAVARTI / MAMU THAKURA:

 A resident of Magadoba village in the district of Faridpur (Bangladesh), Jagannatha Cakravarti was the nephew of Nilambara Cakravarti.  He was Kalabhasini in his past incarnation.  Jagannatha was popularly known as Mamu Thakura. After the demise of
Gadadhara pandita, Mamu Thakura became the priest of the temple of Tota-Gopinatha in Jagannatha Puri. (CC. 1.12.80; Gauraganoddesadipika 196,205)

32. JAGANNATHA:

 A brahmana belonging to Nityananda-sakha, Jagannatha was the second son of Kansari Misra and an uncle of Jahnava mata, wife of Nityananda Prabhu. (CC. 1.11.48)

33. JAGANNATHA:

 He was a disciple of Syamananda Prabhu.  His Sripata was at Gopiballavapur.  (Premavilasa 2)
34. JAGANNATHA:

 This Jagannatha was a disciple of Rasikananda prabhu. (Rasikamangala Pascima 14.160)

35. JAGANNATHA:

 He was Taraka in his past incarnation. (Gauraganoddesadipika 158)

36. JAGANNATHA:

 A resident of Orissa, he was the son of Kanhai Khuntia, a sevait of Lord Jagannatha-Puri.

37. JAGANNATHA ACARYA:

 (Caitanya-sakha) He was an extremely beloved servant of Lord Caitanya.  When commanded by the Lord, Jagannatha went away to live on the bank of the Ganges (CC. 1.10.108).  He was Gopipriya Durvasa in his past incarnation (Gauraganoddesadipika 111).

38. JAGANNATHA ACARYA:

 A vaidika class brahmana, he was initially an antagonist of Narottama Thakura, because the latter, despite being a sudra by caste, would give diksa to upper class brahmanas. However, in due course, by the grace of Bhagavati devi, Jagannatha took ref
uge at the lotus feet of Narottama Thakura. (Narottamavilasa 10)

39. JAGANNATHA CAKRAVARTI:

 He was a disciple of Visvanatha Cakravarti and father of Narahari Cakravarti. His Sripata was at Rayanpura on the bank of the Bhagirathi in the district of Mursidavad.

40. JAGANNATHA DASA (SRI GALIMA):

 An Odiya brahmana, Jagannatha belonged to Caitanya-sakha. BBM states that this Jagannatha has been mentioned as Sri Galima in Odiya Caritamrta.  However, according to CC. 1.10.112 Sri Galima was the sixty-ninth branch and Jagannatha dasa was the sev
entieth branch of the original tree.

41. JAGANNATHA DASA (KASTHAKATA):

 He belonged to Gadadhara Pandita-sakha.  Jagannatha dasa was a resident of Vikramapura, near Dacca (Bangladesh). His birthplace was the village of Kasthakata or Kathadiya.  His descendants now reside in the villages known as Adiyala, Kamarapada, and
 Paikpada.  He established a temple of Yasomadhava.  The worshipers in this temple are the gosvamis of Adiyala.  In his past incarnation he was Tilakini, one of the sixty-four sakhis, and an assistant of Citradevi.  The following is a list of his des
cendants:  Ramanrsimha, Ramagopala, Ramacandra, Sanatana, Muktarama, Gopinatha, Goloka, Harimohana Siromani, Rakhalaraja, Madhava, and Laksmikanta.  The Sakhanirnaya mentions that Jagannatha dasa preached the Hare Krsna Movement through out the state
 of Tripura. (CC. 1.12.84)

42. JAGANNATHA DASA:

 He belonged to Nityananda-sakha. His real name was Pathara Hajanga.  See also "Pathara Hajanga."

43. JAGANNATHA DASA:

 He was a padakarta.  Nine padas composed by Jagannatha dasa have been included in Padakalpataru.  Eleven other padas composed by him have also been found in an unpublished book entitled Padaratnavali wherein the Suvala-milana, Naukavilasa, and other
 types of padas can be found.  He was also a renowned musician (Vaisnava-vandana).

44. JAGANNATHA DASA (Ativadi Jagannatha dasa):

 A brahman by caste, Jagannatha was born on the sukla-astami tithi of Bhadra masa (Aug-Sept) at Kapilesvara in Puri district.  His parents were Bhagavan Panda and Parvati devi. He translated Srimad Bhagavatam in navaksara chhanda (special prosodical
style), which included some adverse comments on bhakti-tattva.  Lord Caitanya was unhappy about such comments and said to Jagannatha, "You seem to consider yourself superior to the muni-rishis because you have criticized their views in your writing."
  From that time Jagannatha came to be known as Ativadi Jagannatha and his disciples identify themselves as devotees of the Ativadi sampradaya.  Jagannatha passed away at the age of sixty years.  The books entitled Brahmanda-bhugola, Premasadhana, an
d Dutivodha are said to have been compiled by Jagannatha.

45. JAGANNATHA DASA (Odiya):

 A resident of Orissa, Jagannatha was a kirtaniya of Lord Jagannatha-Puri.  He wrote a book entitled Rasojjala (Vaisnava-vandana).

46. JAGANNATHA DASA:

 Jagannatha was a poet, his residence was in the village of Gilabadi in the district of Maldaha.  He wrote a book entitled Bhaktacaritamrta in four volumes using the book Bhaktamala as his source of information.

47. JAGANATHADASA BABAJI (Siddha):

 Jagannatha dasa was a disciple of Jagadananda Gosvami of Srngarabata in Vrndavana (belonging to Purunia Pata of Bankura district) and the bheka-chela of Siddha Krsnadasa baba, a resident of Govardhana.  According to Biharidasa Vrajavasi baba, Jagann
atha dasa was the bheka-chela of Siddha Madhusudana dasa baba, a resident of Suryakunda.

 Jagannatha dasa was very austere; he never hesitated to fast without taking any water for three days at a stretch.  He used sit up the entire night chanting the holy name and at early dawn finish his ablutions.  In the morning he took prasada of cur
d and flat rice.  His disciple, Biharidasa Vrajavasi, use to carry Jagannatha dasa in a basket to wherever he desired to go.  Once, while traveling in his basket, a devotee offered a rupee to Jagannatha dasa and Biharidasa picked it up as directed.
After traveling another two or three miles Jagannatha dasa wanted to return to the site which they had passed earlier.  Upon returning Jagannatha dasa called the disciple who had given the money and said, "My child! please take back your money.  I he
ar that you have plenty of money; I couldn't bear with the bite of one rupee, I wonder how you manage to swallow the bite of so much money?" Saying this Jagannatha returned the rupee.

 The following is a list of disciples of Siddha Jagannatha dasa baba:

1.  Biharidasa babaji
2.  Bhagavata dasa babaji
3.  Gaurahari dasa babaji
4.  Ramahari dasa babaji
5.  Ramadasa babaji
6.  Nityananda dasa babaji, a resident of Varsana
7.  Harekrsna dasa babaji, a resident of Kadamakhandi.

 At the initiative of Biharidasa, the residents of Suryakunda jointly constructed a concrete room and a temple for the accommodation of Siddha baba.  Siddha baba then asked Bihari dasa to locate a Deity to install there.  Biharidasa personally approa
ched a weaver-caste Zemindar to help him in this regard.  The Zemindar thus arranged to bring Deities of Gaura-Nitai from Dainhata and gave them to Biharidasa. Carrying the Deities by boat Biharidasa went to Calcutta where he gathered bhiksa from the
 following sources:  Srinatha Raya of Hatkhola gave Rs. 500, the members of the Laha family gave Rs. 1,500, Haridasa baba of Kumartuli gave Rs. 2,000, and collecting another Rs. 1,000 from other sources Biharidasa finally reached Suryakunda with the
Deities.  Nitai-Gaura looked so beautiful when They were installed that it appeared as if They were made of gold.  On the occasion of the installation ceremony a sum of Rs. 3,000 was spent to feed the Vaisnavas of Suryakunda and Radhakunda.

 One day a band of dacoits approached Siddha baba with the motive of stealing the Deities which they thought were made of gold.  Siddha baba told them that he possessed nothing and they might look into the temple for booty.  The dacoits broke open th
e temple door and quickly gathered up everything they could find, including the Deities.  However, in rushing to make their escape they stumbled on the door step and dropped the Deities.  Seeing that the sun had risen outside the dacoits left the Dei
ties and rushed off with the rest of the booty.  After this incident Siddha baba asked Biharidasa to arrange for the Deities to be cared for by someone else. Biharidasa carried the Deities to Vrndavana where he handed Them over, along with Rs. 2,000,
 to Mother-Gosvamini, a resident of Gayespur in the district of Maldaha.  At present these Deities are residing at Dhopapada in Gopalbag and are known as "Sonara Gaura".

 Sometime later Siddha baba again asked Biharidasa to locate another Deity for him.  Biharidasa found a Deity of the six-armed Lord Caitanya which had been kept hidden in a bag of cattle-feed.  This Deity belonged to Dinu Bahaji, a Manipuri Vaisnava
residing in Mathura near Radhakunda.  Biharidasa brought the Deity to Vrndavana where he cleansed and decorated Him, then carried the Deity, along with all items for worship, to Suryakunda.  For ten years thereafter Siddha baba worshiped this Deity u
ntil one day he said, "Bihari, please put this Deity in the care of someone else in Vrndavana.  I would like to go to Navadvipa.  Let my body be offered at the lotus feet of Lord Gauranga."  Biharidasa brought the Deity to Vrndavana and after receivi
ng a donation of Rs. 25 from Mother-Gosvamini of Gayespur handed over the Deity as well as the money to Narottama dasaji, the head of the Gopalaguru matha.  At present this Deity is being served at the lane of Nidhuvana.

 Carrying Siddha baba on his shoulders from Suryakunda, Biharidasa reached the Mathura railway junction and from there left for Navadvipa without buying tickets.  On the way no one questioned them.  When they got down at the Memari railway station ne
ar Burdwan, a European gentleman escorted them safely through the check post.  From there Siddha baba went to the akhda of Nepal Babu. After taking some rest they continued there journey until reaching the residence of Siddha Bhagavan dasa babaji at
Amvika kalna.  Upon meeting Jagannatha dasa, Siddha Bhagavan dasa said, "Oh! my dear friend has come, Visnudasa please arrange for their seva."  The two friends hugged each other rolling on the floor.  They remained in embrace from 10 A.M. to 11 P.M.
  Visnudasa and Biharidasa stood by helplessly, not knowing what to do.  Biharidasa explained to Visnudasa that they had not eaten eat for the last three days.  Biharidasa then threw his arms around Jagannatha dasa and began massaging his chest. Shor
tly afterwards Jagannatha dasa inquired if Bihari dasa whether he had eaten or not.  Bihari explained that although it was about 11 P.M. he could not eat as the other two had not taken prasada yet.  Jagannatha replied, "My foolish child, it's merely
evening now".  He then got up, partook of prasada and went to take rest.

 Jagannatha dasa stayed there for about eleven days then left for Navadvipa.  Along the way Bihari dasa asked Jagannatha dasa whether they were going to stay at Bada Akhda in Navadvipa.  Jagannatha, however, refused to stay at any akhda.  He preferre
d to settle beneath a tree where now the bhajan kutir of Bihari dasa stands.  Later Bihari dasa bought ten cottahs of land from Madhava Datta for Rs. 40.  That plot had  a huge ditch in it which Bihari filled up by carrying earth from the Ganges at n
ight after Jagannatha dasa went to bed.  Sometime later Kedaranatha Datta Bhaktivinoda arrived there and both he and Bihari dasa sought bhiksa from Nafar Pal Chowdhury of Mahesaganj and raised two shades.  Awhile later, with the approval of Jagannath
a dasa, Rajarshi Banamali Raya Bahadur built three small rooms and fenced them in with a surrounding wall.  The aged Manamohini dasi, a resident of Kaigrama, arranged to dig a well.  Jagannatha dasa lived here for 32 years until his death at the age
of 147 years.  (For further details see GVJ PP. 114-125)
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